It’s summer again in the southern hemisphere of Mars, so we’re continuing our mosaic of the landing ellipse for the lost Mars Polar Lander. ESP_013368_1035 was the first of the new images to be released, and we’ve gotten a lot of people asking where to send their candidates. You can either contact us directly, or add to the comments in our previous blog post about the search.

The Unmanned Spaceflight forums have a long discussion on the previous search efforts. Many candidates were proposed, and the community’s discussion about them is quite enlightening.

Emily Lakdawalla at the Planetary Society also started a coordinated search effort last year. I don’t know if that effort is still ongoing, but her page on how to use HiRISE images in the search is still a great resource. It includes examples of known hardware, cosmic ray hits and other artifacts, and more tips on searching.

In addition to the list of images on the previous blog entry, these new images have been released: (we’ll try to keep this list up to date as more are released)

• ESP_013368_1035
• ESP_013078_1030
• ESP_013223_1025
• ESP_013289_1035
• ESP_013566_1025
• ESP_013500_1035
• ESP_013711_1030
• ESP_013724_1030
• ESP_013935_1030
• ESP_013790_1035
• ESP_014001_1040
• ESP_014080_1040

Thanks for all your interest, and good luck searching!

9/2/09: ETA new images released in September PDS release.

Using the HiRISE camera to take a special observation of a non-Mars target is a difficult but always interesting event for HiRISE Operations. While we have developed somewhat of a routine for regular imaging of the Martian surface, special observations require additional work that impacts our normal workflow as well as the science gathering of the other instruments onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Targeting specialists from Uplink already have so much work to do on a routine basis; adding in a special observation adds that much more work. Special observations are selected because they offer some scientific value that warrants the extra time, effort, and delay in routine science gathering.

We do not accept requests from the public directly regarding special observations.  Our very knowledgeable science team determines months in advance that the right geometry for a unique observation of a non-Mars target with scientific value is coming up. Over several iterations between Uplink and the science team, the target is planned in detail. For a target like Deimos, the smaller and more distant moon of Mars, the spacecraft needs to slew away from Mars to point the camera correctly. This is a dance that requires coordination between HiRISE, the other instruments (who will generally not be observing during this period), and the MRO platform.

For this opportunity,  we took two images of Deimos. The plan was to capture Deimos in the center of our CCD array so that the satellite would fall across our RED, BG, and IR color filters.  Uplink did a fantastic job with their targeting!  In the first observation – ESP_012065_9000 – Deimos lay across two channels of each color filter at the center of our array: RED4_0 and RED5_1, BG12_0 and BG13_1, and IR10_0 and IR11_1.  In the second observation – ESP_012068_9000 – Deimos was fully contained within RED5_1, BG13_1, and IR11_1. You can find more information about these observations here.

What did it take for Downlink to put these images together?  Well, Audrie and I came in on a Sunday (!) to wait for the observations.  Then I spent some time putting together preliminary images to send out to the team. During the following week I worked on registering the color filters to create the false color images.  See both images side by side here. Notice that green fringe around the first observation on the left? That is a bit of misregistration, something I could not seem to correct despite tweaking the position of the three color layers a pixel at a time. The first observation also required two separate stacks: (1) RED4_0, BG12_0, and IR10_0, and (2) RED5_1, BG13_1, and IR11_1.  After registering the two sides separately, I stitched them together using an ISIS tool called hiccdstitch.  That little notch you see at the top of the first observation is how the two sides almost but not quite line up. The two sides are slightly offset because their geometry is just slightly different.

Compared to the first observation, the second observation, confined to one channel each in the color filters, was wonderful to work with: no color balancing required, no stitching, and a relatively easy registration process!

GuyMac also helped make these Deimos observations a little easier to deal with than past special observations: he created a custom version of one of our processing pipelines that sharpens the image and brings out the colors a little bit. Once I had the observations registered, all I had to do was run them through his script for the really nice false color products you are now enjoying!

Our latest release includes more products from the original Phoenix descent observation, which include the color CCDs hand-mosaicked over the red filter CCDs. We’ve also been working with the Phoenix and MRO engineering teams to identify the location of the heat shield in the image (left). It’s pretty incredible that we caught the lander just after releasing the heat shield – a few more seconds, and it would have been out of the scene.

Emily Lakdawalla continues her excellent blog coverage in this article, which does a great job of explaining some of the reasons why this image was especially difficult to take. Along the way, she includes a tutorial on TDI (Time-Delay-Integration), written by one of the engineers that helped build the instrument. TDI is the method HiRISE uses to gather lots of light into its CCDs, and it’s one of the reasons we get such high signal-to-noise in our images. It’s a complicated concept, but it’s an important one for understanding HiRISE’s incredible imaging abilities, as well as its limitations.

From her blog post:

This is a fascinating story showing how necessary it sometimes is to have a deep understanding of an instrument in order to understand the data that comes from it. …It can be dangerous to read too much into space images until you have studied how the cameras really work.

It’s a great post – she deserves a cookie!

HiRISE imaged the Phoenix landing site 11 and 22 hours after touchdown. These have been used by the Phoenix team to determine their precise location and orientation on Mars. More details and images are on our main page.

Kudos to everyone who helped make this happen, from the navigation team at JPL delivering updated files, to our operations people who spent many long hours over the holiday weekend busily at work. And congratulations to the Phoenix team here in Tucson, who have embarked on what promises to be an exciting summer of science operations!

So it turns out that the descent of Phoenix is actually visible in the browse scale image. That’s the image which is reduced in scale by a factor of ten which eliminates a lot of noise. What’s more astounding is that directly line-of-sight in the background is giant Heimdall Crater! Yesterday’s image made everyone’s jaw drop but this one is mind-blowing. The tiny image below is linked to the browse scale image.

Flight of the Phoenix

This oblique view has been rotated so the crater is facing up. Phoenix, caught in its Promethean act, is between 8 and 10 kilometers above the surface, descending in the foreground at a distance of approximately 20 kilometers from the crater. It’s landing site was ultimately beyond the crater’s ejecta blanket.

The inset is an enhanced version at full resolution, showing some details of the parachute.

In our last PDS release, HiRISE made available our images (to date) of an area where the Mars Polar Lander is suspected to have crashed in 1999. MPL was the first mission to the high latitudes of Mars, but failed mysteriously, the first [Correction: second] of two high-profile failures in America’s Mars program at the time. An assessment team found a number of potential causes of the crash; the condition of MPL, if found, may help to resolve what actually happened.

There is a large area covered at high resolution in these images. I think some of our team members have looked over the images but they have not found a trace of MPL. You may in fact be the first person to see MPL in the nearly ten years since it left Earth.

In the wake of MPL, NASA canceled a planned 2001 lander. The University of Arizona, which had a significant presence in both missions, proposed the Phoenix Mars Scout mission, “rising from the ashes” of these missions. Phoenix, as you might expect, it said to be very thoroughly tested. On 2008 May 25th, Phoenix will be landing in the high northern latitudes (above the equivalent of the Arctic Circle on Earth).

In this PDF document graciously provided by Tim Parker, you can see what various types of hardware look like to HiRISE. It also shows examples of cosmic-ray hits in order to distinguish them from real space junk.

Here are links to our web pages providing information and downloads for our images of the MPL site.

• PSP_002846_1040
• PSP_003690_1035
• PSP_004336_1035
• PSP_004402_1030
• PSP_004824_1030
• PSP_004969_1035
• PSP_005035_1030
• PSP_005114_1035
• PSP_005180_1035
• PSP_005325_1035
• PSP_005391_1030
• PSP_005470_1035
• PSP_005536_1030
• PSP_005602_1035
• PSP_005747_1035
• PSP_005813_1030
• PSP_005892_1025
• PSP_005958_1025

On Easter Sunday, HiRISE took two observations of the Martian satellite Phobos. This is the larger of the red planet’s two satellites. We took two color images at slightly different angles, so we could combine them to make a three-dimensional stereo image.

It was another special sequence that had to be specially designed, commanded, tested and re-tested before it executes on board the spacecraft. Many people from JPL and LMA worked to make this happen, as well as almost everyone on the uplink team here at HiROC. In addition, the date chosen meant that people had to come in and work on a holiday to support it. So we were thrilled when the images arrived Sunday night, and we saw that they are PERFECT! The focus, timing, and pointing were bang-on, and we got a beautiful exposure of the satellite in both images.

I wish I could give you a sneak peak, but we’re still processing the images. The downlink group has to do a lot of work on special images like these. Because they’re not normal Mars images, the normal calibration routines and processing pipelines can’t be used. Much of this work has to be done by hand. We’re also trying to get some additional products together that we don’t usually release; I think you’ll like them!

So this is really just a teaser. We’re planning on releasing the Phobos images next week, so keep an eye on the website! In the meantime, here’s a warmup act: views of Phobos from previous missions, MGS (above right) and Mars Express (left).

Yesterday morning we turned the MRO spacecraft around to see our point of origin – the Earth. We took a special calibration image of the Earth and Moon. HiRISE isn’t the first to take a picture of the Earth from Mars, but we’re hoping ours will be even more detailed. We expect the Earth to be about 90 pixels across its diameter, and the Moon about 24 pixels. So it won’t be a big beautiful clear image like you’re used to looking at from our weekly releases, but we should be able to resolve features like continents!

This diagram simulates of what the inner solar system would look like if it were being viewed from above right now. MRO is looking from Mars (orange) towards Earth (purple). You can see from this geometry that we’ll only see the sunlit part of the Earth and Moon as a crescent. They’ll look somewhat less than half full.

(more…)

There are a few PSP image releases for everyone today.

• Spirit
• Viking 1 Lander
• Viking 2 Lander

Also, a couple of special products:

• Victoria Crater in 3-D
• Opportunity movie

Enjoy!

Perhaps the most amazing event last week was that we were able to help the Cornell/JPL team plan a rover drive. The Victoria Crater image was coming in, though with data transmission gaps that meant manual processing was needed. At the same time, the load on our partially-upgraded internal network and servers was approaching a crisis-level condition. The image—if we got it—was expected to be released less than 18 hours later, at a joint Rover/HiRISE press briefing, which didn’t allow much time for analysis and color processing.

Finally, it was at this moment that Steve Squyres (Principal Investigator, Mars Exploration Rovers) called our Chris Okubo and asked for whatever we had in helping plan a rover drive “right now.” Chris O. is normally the most laid back person on the team, which kind of masks the fact that he is a very sharp, hard-working geologist, and somehow also found the time to plan more HiRISE observations than anyone else, by a substantial margin. Chris was at this moment as close to agitated as I’ve ever seen him.

But with some quick work by the Downlink Operations crew (Tahirih in particular), the rover drivers were able to get what they needed, and transmit instructions that would place Opportunity closer to the edge of Victoria Crater.

It seemed to be the dramatic climax to an incredible week.

The color image of Victoria Crater, our first color image from science orbit, is stunning, check it out if you haven’t already!

Shown below is HiRISE’s eagle-eyed view of Opportunity from 168 miles above.