We have now released all HiRISE images taken prior to August’s spacecraft safe mode event! Here are some statistics about our October 2009 release, which includes the images the HiRISE camera took of the Martian surface between Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) orbits 14,200 to 14,499 (August 6, 2009 – August 26, 2009):

• 446 RDRs, 0.18 TB
• 6238 EDRs, 0.18 TB
• 5126 RDR Extras, 0.28 TB
• 12,464 EDR Extras 2.5 GB
• 16 Anaglyphs 0.001 TB

Totals for this release: 24,274 images, 0.62 TB

This brings our total released product numbers and data volume to:

• 23,122 RDRs, 12.2 TB
• 323,358 EDRs, 10.6 TB
• 196,058 RDR Extras, 15.6 TB
• 625,233, EDR Extras, 0.1 TB
• 1,192 Anaglyphs 0.5 TB

Total: 1,167,771 images, 37.7 TB

Just because we are not currently taking images does not mean we are slacking off. The Downlink team is busy reprocessing and validating all ESP observations. After reprocessing, these observations will all benefit from the same improvements we have made to our processing pipelines over the past several months. I also recently started reprocessing PSP observations, which is a much larger data set that will sync improvement to our processing pipelines made over the past few years! We are keeping busy and we are even getting help from the Uplink team while they wait for the go ahead to start taking new images of the Martian surface. Of course we all want that to happen as quickly as possible!

An exciting new paper came out in yesterday’s issue of Science magazine, with HiRISE team member Shane Byrne as the lead author. Water ice has been discovered being exposed by fresh Martian craters!

This is exciting for several reasons: first, these are very tiny craters – only a few meters (yards) across. This means they’re not excavating very deep into the crust of Mars. So the ice has to be really shallow – less than a few feet below the surface! Secondly, the location of these craters is surprising – they’re between 40-55 degrees north latitude. This is far from the polar regions, where we’d expect to find ice (for example, where the Phoenix mission landed at 68 degrees north, ice was found by digging down into the dirt).

The third exciting aspect of this ice is its purity. We’d expect this ice to be mixed in with dirt and dust and rock. Instead, we found that it’s 99% pure ice! (Only 1% is dirt mixed in.) This can be measured because we watched the ice disappear over time. By taking repeated images of the same spot, HiRISE got a time sequence as the ice slowly faded. It faded so slowly that it has to be almost all ice – a dirtier mixture would have faded much faster as it sublimated (went directly from a solid to a gas) in Mars’s extremely dry atmosphere.

Speaking of dry atmospheres, this also has interesting implications about the history of the Martian climate – there had to have been more water vapor in the atmosphere in the recent past than we previously thought. We still have lots of questions about how this ice formed, how much of it there is, and how many more of these craters we’ll find. Luckily, we’ve got a long mission ahead of us to explore these issues!

This discovery is also a great example of how the instruments on MRO work together. CTX initially detected these new craters as “dark spots,” and HiRISE followed up to confirm that they’re really impact craters. Some of those HiRISE images revealed some very bright white material, and then CRISM confirmed that material really is water ice. The instruments worked together to accomplish the best combined science. Go team! ☺

Here are some more detailed stories, images, and multi-media:

• Really nice movie with Shane Byrne talking about the discovery and excellent animations showing the locations of the craters and the time-evolution of the ice disappearing: NASA multimedia – then go to “Video Gallery” on the right, and click on “Mars – Exposed”.

• NASA press release, and all of the images and materials from the press conference

• UA news story

We’ve seen many more news stories & blogs – thanks for the interest, everyone! It’s great that everyone thinks this is as exciting as we do! ☺

It’s summer again in the southern hemisphere of Mars, so we’re continuing our mosaic of the landing ellipse for the lost Mars Polar Lander. ESP_013368_1035 was the first of the new images to be released, and we’ve gotten a lot of people asking where to send their candidates. You can either contact us directly, or add to the comments in our previous blog post about the search.

The Unmanned Spaceflight forums have a long discussion on the previous search efforts. Many candidates were proposed, and the community’s discussion about them is quite enlightening.

Emily Lakdawalla at the Planetary Society also started a coordinated search effort last year. I don’t know if that effort is still ongoing, but her page on how to use HiRISE images in the search is still a great resource. It includes examples of known hardware, cosmic ray hits and other artifacts, and more tips on searching.

In addition to the list of images on the previous blog entry, these new images have been released: (we’ll try to keep this list up to date as more are released)

• ESP_013368_1035
• ESP_013078_1030
• ESP_013223_1025
• ESP_013289_1035
• ESP_013566_1025
• ESP_013500_1035
• ESP_013711_1030
• ESP_013724_1030
• ESP_013935_1030
• ESP_013790_1035
• ESP_014001_1040
• ESP_014080_1040

Thanks for all your interest, and good luck searching!

9/2/09: ETA new images released in September PDS release.

Lately I’ve been helping out with the tours that we give of our operations center (HiROC) lobby and some public talks. Depending on the audience, we usually tell them a little bit about the HiRISE camera, its capabilities, and the MRO mission in general. We also talk about what we personally do at the operations center. The full-scale model of the camera and the “HiWall” are really nice exhibits for visitors. The highlight is usually when we show off what HiRISE has accomplished: color images, 3-D anaglyphs (everyone likes wearing those glasses!), and the recent addition of the fly-through movies has been very popular.

My favorite part is when people have questions for us – even when I don’t know the answers. Because, honestly, that’s what science is – we don’t always have the answers, but that’s what makes it exciting! It’s also fun to find out which aspects of the mission inspire other people, and I get a different perspective on what they think is interesting (versus just what I think is interesting!). Some of the questions are really good, too! We were talking with some middle-school students from El Paso, Texas, and their questions were so astute. One girl asked, “Does Mars have plate tectonics?” Another good question was, “How do we know about the interior of Mars?” These are great questions, and HiRISE is helping scientists to answer these and other questions, along with data from many other instruments studying Mars.

In case you were curious about these particular questions, like these kids were, here are some short answers and references for more information:
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Remember when I said we would start releasing data monthly to the PDS and public? We decided to work on improving calibration a little bit longer before we reprocess our data and start the monthly releases. Therefore, we are not going to have a June release (except for the usual weekly captioned image releases on Wednesdays), but we are getting closer to a regular monthly release! We are still ahead in our releases per PDS requirements, and we are preparing for the big reprocessing that is coming up. For example, our software pipelines have been updated to better automate reprocessing and we have hired two new student validators who will be responsible for visually inspecting all of the images as they are reprocessed. Training started this week.

Consider the May PDS release our practice run. Thank you for your patience…monthly releases of HiRISE images are indeed coming, but not quite as soon as we expected.

Planetary scientists used to keep new data from the spacecraft explorers of the solar system within the mission team for a lengthy period of time so they could make all the cool initial discoveries. Only later would the mission’s data sets be archived on the public Planetary Data System (PDS). Once archived, these data could then be used by the scientific community and public for further research and discovery.

Dr. Alfred McEwen, HiRISE principal investigator, decided early on that this incredibly powerful instrument should be “The People’s Camera”. This meant, among other things, that we would endeavor to make the data returned by HiRISE available to the scientific community and public as quickly as possible. We have PDS release requirements, but our goal has always been to beat those requirements. To do so, we needed to develop automated software pipelines to take the raw data and turn them into useful calibrated and geometrically mapped products. We also needed to develop the right PDS release tools, train a talented group of operations staff to validate the data and fix problems, and develop a website to effectively and beautifully showcase HiRISE images.

We now believe we have reached the point to be able to support a monthly release of recent HiRISE images to the public! This week we released the observations HiRISE took of Mars between orbits 11,600 and 12,599, or between January 16 and April 04, 2009. This makes us the first mission to release a data set to the PDS so quickly! Here are the statistics for this release, including the number of each product type released and their respective data volumes (EDRs are the individual uncalibrated image channels and RDRs are the calibrated, mosaicked, and geometrically-projected observations):

• 1,179 RDRs, 520 GB
• 16,861 EDRs, 459 GB
• 13,512 RDR Extras, 788 GB
• 33,152 EDR Extras, 7 GB
• 342 Anaglyphs, 51 GB

Totals for this release: 64,704 image products, 1.7 TB

This brings our total released product numbers and data volume to:

• 19,667 RDRs, 11 TB
• 278,807 EDRs, 9.5 TB
• 166,816 RDR Extras, 13.7 TB
• 529,095 EDR Extras, 0.1 TB
• 2,892 Anaglyphs, 0.5 TB

Total: 993,277 images, 34 TB

Those are various products for about 9998 Mars observations, and another reason why it makes no sense to hoard our data; there is too much of it and too few of us! The team scientists have plenty to do and there are plenty of discoveries to be made, old hypotheses to update, and new mysteries to solve.  The operations staff are now hard at work getting observations from orbits 12,600 through 12,999, or between April 04 and May 5, 2009, ready for the June PDS release. This involves making sure each observation has been processed by our software pipelines correctly, fixing any problems, and checking and double checking that the relevant image products are ready for release.  Sometimes we have to manually force an observation through the pipelines because some of its channels were lost during transmission to the Earth, or we might stumble across an observation we somehow forgot to send on to the color pipelines after it had been calibrated. There are spreadsheets to maintain, lists of problematic observations to keep (see the ERRATA.TXT file), and a variety of other tasks that need to be completed before the latest data set is ready for release.

Over the next few months we will see how this goes! It is a lot of work, but our desire for you to see these beautiful images of Mars as quickly as possible is strong. No promises, but we will also explore releasing completed observations even faster!

Using the HiRISE camera to take a special observation of a non-Mars target is a difficult but always interesting event for HiRISE Operations. While we have developed somewhat of a routine for regular imaging of the Martian surface, special observations require additional work that impacts our normal workflow as well as the science gathering of the other instruments onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Targeting specialists from Uplink already have so much work to do on a routine basis; adding in a special observation adds that much more work. Special observations are selected because they offer some scientific value that warrants the extra time, effort, and delay in routine science gathering.

We do not accept requests from the public directly regarding special observations.  Our very knowledgeable science team determines months in advance that the right geometry for a unique observation of a non-Mars target with scientific value is coming up. Over several iterations between Uplink and the science team, the target is planned in detail. For a target like Deimos, the smaller and more distant moon of Mars, the spacecraft needs to slew away from Mars to point the camera correctly. This is a dance that requires coordination between HiRISE, the other instruments (who will generally not be observing during this period), and the MRO platform.

For this opportunity,  we took two images of Deimos. The plan was to capture Deimos in the center of our CCD array so that the satellite would fall across our RED, BG, and IR color filters.  Uplink did a fantastic job with their targeting!  In the first observation – ESP_012065_9000 – Deimos lay across two channels of each color filter at the center of our array: RED4_0 and RED5_1, BG12_0 and BG13_1, and IR10_0 and IR11_1.  In the second observation – ESP_012068_9000 – Deimos was fully contained within RED5_1, BG13_1, and IR11_1. You can find more information about these observations here.

What did it take for Downlink to put these images together?  Well, Audrie and I came in on a Sunday (!) to wait for the observations.  Then I spent some time putting together preliminary images to send out to the team. During the following week I worked on registering the color filters to create the false color images.  See both images side by side here. Notice that green fringe around the first observation on the left? That is a bit of misregistration, something I could not seem to correct despite tweaking the position of the three color layers a pixel at a time. The first observation also required two separate stacks: (1) RED4_0, BG12_0, and IR10_0, and (2) RED5_1, BG13_1, and IR11_1.  After registering the two sides separately, I stitched them together using an ISIS tool called hiccdstitch.  That little notch you see at the top of the first observation is how the two sides almost but not quite line up. The two sides are slightly offset because their geometry is just slightly different.

Compared to the first observation, the second observation, confined to one channel each in the color filters, was wonderful to work with: no color balancing required, no stitching, and a relatively easy registration process!

GuyMac also helped make these Deimos observations a little easier to deal with than past special observations: he created a custom version of one of our processing pipelines that sharpens the image and brings out the colors a little bit. Once I had the observations registered, all I had to do was run them through his script for the really nice false color products you are now enjoying!

We’re in the midst of another HiRISE team meeting here in Tucson. I can’t believe it’s been almost two years since the team meeting I blogged about here. There are a few new faces, but mostly familiar friends that we’ve worked with for years by now. Our two newest Targeting Specialists are meeting the science team for the first time. (They’re actually not that “new” any more – they started last June, but this is their first team meeting.) Some of the other new folks are students and post-docs who are working on interesting research projects using HiRISE data. There are also a few people from JPL here at the meeting, who we talk to on the phone and email often, but we’ve never actually met face-to-face before.

Today during the meeting we are getting updates on all the Science Themes. Our images are divided into groups according to the geologic process that we hypothesize occurred. For each of these themes, a Science Theme Lead is assigned. These “STLs” are Co-Investigators or postdocs who are experts in that area. For example, the Volcanic Processes theme contains images intended to explore phenomena related to volcanism, such as inflated lavas, water-lava interactions, volcanic pits and cones, and mysterious types of collapse features such as the one shown in the anaglyph to the left. As you can read in the caption for that image, we’re still not sure how this feature formed. There are several different possibilities. The image was originally placed in the Impact Processes theme because that was one hypothesis. However, after seeing the high resolution image and stereo data from HiRISE, formation by a meteor impact doesn’t seem as plausible. Collapse after loss of material beneath the surface, such as magma or water, is a better fit to our observations.

My first New Years Resolution of 2009 was a very simple one: to get with the program and start using the awesome HiRISE desktop wallpaper images that our excellent webmaster continues to crank out (THANKS!). And you can too, here’s how.

On the New Images page, there’s a link to the latest wallpaper in a variety of common sizes. They’re packaged in zip files; opening the link will allow you to extract them in a folder on your computer. Next, find the settings for your desktop (usually by right-clicking on it). Within the settings, you can have it load an image from the folder and change to a new one, randomly, and periodically (5 minutes seems about right for me). Some people have multiple monitors, possibly in different pixel resolutions, so you could set up a folder for each one.

If you’re browsing our site and come across an image you’re particularly amazed by, many times there will be wallpaper drawn from that image (look on the right sidebar). Our weekly (captioned) releases all have this feature.

Finally, all of the wallpaper to date is available online, including not only the packaged zip files, but directories containing all of the images (to date), for each resolution.

So make a resolution (and determine your screen’s resolution!), grab a bunch of images, and be blown away by the beauty of Mars (at high resolution)!

This was originally posted here, written for the IAG Planetary Geomorphology Working Group’s featured image of the month. The author, Kathryn Fishbaugh, is a HiRISE team member, and she allowed us to post a copy of it here as well. It’s great to see the results scientists are getting from HiRISE images – and you thought they were just pretty pictures!

At the north pole of Mars lies Planum Boreum, a dome of layered, icy materials similar in some ways to the large ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica and comparable in size to the former. The dome itself consists of the polar layered deposits, consisting of over 90% ice with a little bit of dust, and the basal unit, consisting of ice, dust, and sand.

The image shows a cliff in the Polar Cap deposits. The upper portion of the cliff consists, for the most part, of fractured portions of the polar layered deposits and has a reddish appearance due to dust both coating and entrained within the ice (red arrow). Below that is the basal unit, with more flat-lying layers of blueish material that is basaltic sand (blue arrow) (like the black sand beaches in Hawaii). You might also notice some lighter colored layers. Those are also fractured and composed of ice and dust, like the polar layers above them. And at the bottom of the image, sand eroding from the basal unit is collecting into dunes (white arrow). The entire cliff is about 700 m (2300 ft.) tall (comparable to the depth of the Grand Canyon).

Scientists study past climates and trends in global warming on Earth by examining the air bubbles trapped within ice cores (long, cylindrical samples of ice, extracted with a drill) taken from Greenland and Antarctica. These ice cores contain ice created from last year’s snowfall to many hundreds of thousands of years ago and have trapped bubbles with the same atmospheric composition as existed when the snow fell. From this composition, scientists can figure out what was the contemporary temperature and hence how the climate has changed over time. Similarly, the ice in the polar layers and basal unit on Mars must also have recorded how the martian climate has changed. (more…)